Stratification in steelmaking ladles

The problem of temperature stratification in a steelmaking ladle is considered. There are three distinct zones in the flow, the wall boundary layer, the bottom stagnation zone and the central plug flow. Typical length, velocity and time scales are determined for the flow and compared to numerical simulations. A model of the wall boundary layer using similarity solution techniques is detailed. Models for the temperature stratification in the bottom stagnation zone and the plug flow are included. Recommendations for reducing the temperature stratification in the ladle and improvements to their numerical simulation are made

Venting vapor apparatus Patent

Fuel tank pressure-relief device for venting cryogenic liquid vapors through tubes with porous plu

A Survey of Hypersonic-Ramjet Concepts

A brief discussion is presented of the major problem areas involved in the development of a hypersonic ramjet engine. Keeping the structural temperature to an acceptably low level is the severest problem expected. A rapid survey is made of some of the relatively unconventional concepts that may find application in the hypersonic region. These include supersonic combustors, underwing burning, atmospheric-recombination, engine installation, nuclear power, variable geometry, and fuel-rich operation

Reduction behaviour in Fastmet(TM) pellets

Fastmet (TM), a process developed by the Midrex Corporation, produces iron for steelmaking by heating pellets composed of iron oxide and coal. Here we develop several simple models of the reduction process and confirm claims made by the manufacturer about the conversion time. These models can also be used to investigate the dependence of the conversion time on controlling parameters

QCD in neutron stars and strange stars

This paper provides an overview of the possible role of Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QDC) for neutron stars and strange stars. The fundamental degrees of freedom of QCD are quarks, which may exist as unconfined (color superconducting) particles in the cores of neutron stars. There is also the theoretical possibility that a significantly large number of up, down, and strange quarks may settle down in a new state of matter known as strange quark matter, which, by hypothesis, could be more stable than atomic nuclei. In the latter case new classes of self-bound, color superconducting objects, ranging from strange quark nuggets to strange quark stars, should exist. The properties of such objects will be reviewed along with the possible existence of deconfined quarks in neutron stars. Implications for observational astrophysics are pointed out.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures; presented at the T(R)OPICAL QCD Workshop, September 26 - October 2, 2010, Cairns, Australi

Aeropropulsion in year 2000

A sampling of probable future engine types, such as convertible engines for helicopters, turboprops for fuel-conservative airliners, and variable-cycle engines for supersonic transports are presented. Related technology improvements in propellers, materials, noise suppression, etc. are reviewed

The NASA research program on propulsion for supersonic cruise aircraft

The objectives and status of the propulsion portion of a program aimed at advancing the technology and establishing a data base appropriate for the possible future development of supersonic cruise aircraft are reviewed. Research related to exhaust nozzles, combustors, and inlets that is covered by the noise, pollution, and dynamics programs is described

The Valuation of Contaminated Land

This paper presents a Monte Carlo based method for explicitly accounting for uncertainty in the valuation of contaminated property. Environmental risk is being quantified by the scientific methods described in this paper. Financial risk is also quantifiable by these techniques. A 1993 Supreme Court case known as Daubert has changed the admission requirements for scientific evidence by expert witnesses. Hoyt (1997) notes that it is "imperative that real estate appraisers who testify be sure that their scientific evidence will stand up to the scrutiny of Daubert of their testimony may be rejected." A scientific method of quantifying the unique financial risk of this type of asset is used for the valuation of contaminated land.